据诺贝尔奖官网消息，北京时间10月10日，2022年诺贝尔经济学奖揭晓，Ben S. Bernanke，Douglas W. Diamond和Philip H. Dybvig因“对银行和金融危机的研究”获奖。
▲图片来源：诺贝尔奖官网
与其他诺贝尔奖不同的是，诺贝尔经济学奖是唯一一个并非根据创始人阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔(Alfred Nobel)遗愿设立的奖项。该奖正式名称为“瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔经济学奖”，由瑞典中央银行于1968年设立，旨在表彰在经济学领域做出杰出贡献的人。
获奖者简介
Ben Shalom Bernanke
美国经济学家
Ben Shalom Bernanke 生于1953年12月13日是美国经济学家，1979 年获得麻省理工学院经济学哲学博士学位，曾于2006年至2014年担任美联储第14任主席。研究范围包括货币政策、宏观经济学和经济史等。
Douglas W. Diamond
美国经济学家
Douglas W. Diamond生于1953年，1980年获得耶鲁大学经济学博士学位，美国国家科学院院士、芝加哥大学布斯商学院金融学教授。毕业于芝加哥大学商学院。专门从事金融中介、金融危机和流动性的研究。曾任美国金融协会主席。为西方金融协会、美国艺术与科学学院、美国金融协会会员。Diamond是戴蒙德·迪布维格模型的提出者之一。
Philip H. Dybvig
美国经济学家
Philip H. Dybvig，美国圣·路易斯华盛顿大学奥林商学院金融学教授、中国西南财经大学金融研究院院长。1981年获美国耶鲁大学经济学博士学位，先后在美国普林斯顿大学、耶鲁大学、华盛顿大学（圣路易斯）工作，作为国际知名学者，他长期从事金融教学与研究，在银行理论、资产定价、利率理论、公司治理、中央银行货币政策等方面取得了卓越的成就。
获奖成果
Their discoveries improved how society deals with financial crises
This year’s laureates in the Economic Sciences, Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, have significantly improved our understanding of the role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises. An important finding in their research is why avoiding bank collapses is vital.
Modern banking research clarifies why we have banks, how to make them less vulnerable in crises and how bank collapses exacerbate financial crises. The foundations of this research were laid by Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig in the early 1980s. Their analyses have been of great practical importance in regulating financial markets and dealing with financial crises.
For the economy to function, savings must be channelled to investments. However, there is a conflict here: savers want instant access to their money in case of unexpected outlays, while businesses and homeowners need to know they will not be forced to repay their loans prematurely. In their theory, Diamond and Dybvig show how banks offer an optimal solution to this problem. By acting as intermediaries that accept deposits from many savers, banks can allow depositors to access their money when they wish, while also offering long-term loans to borrowers.
However, their analysis also showed how the combination of these two activities makes banks vulnerable to rumours about their imminent collapse. If a large number of savers simultaneously run to the bank to withdraw their money, the rumour may become a self-fulfilling prophecy – a bank run occurs and the bank collapses. These dangerous dynamics can be prevented through the government providing deposit insurance and acting as a lender of last resort to banks.
Diamond demonstrated how banks perform another societally important function. As intermediaries between many savers and borrowers, banks are better suited to assessing borrowers’ creditworthiness and ensuring that loans are used for good investments.
Ben Bernanke analysed the Great Depression of the 1930s, the worst economic crisis in modern history. Among other things, he showed how bank runs were a decisive factor in the crisis becoming so deep and prolonged. When the banks collapsed, valuable information about borrowers was lost and could not be recreated quickly. Society’s ability to channel savings to productive investments was thus severely diminished.
“The laureates’ insights have improved our ability to avoid both serious crises and expensive bailouts,” says Tore Ellingsen, Chair of the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences.
诺贝尔经济学奖并非根据阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的遗嘱所设立的，但在评选步骤、授奖仪式方面与诺贝尔奖相似。1968年起，奖项由瑞典皇家科学院每年颁发一次，颁奖遵循对人类利益做出最大贡献的原则。1969年（瑞典国家银行成立300周年庆典时）第一次颁奖，由挪威人弗里希和荷兰人扬·廷贝亨共同获得，美国经济学家萨缪尔森、弗里德曼等人均获得过此奖。
2021年诺贝尔经济学奖得主是戴维·卡德(David Card)，乔舒亚·D·安格里斯特(Joshua D. Angrist)和吉多·W·因本斯(Guido W. Imbens)，评选委员会认为“他们为我们提供了关于劳动力市场的新见解，并表明可以从自然实验中得出哪些关于因果关系的结论。他们的方法已经传播到其他领域，并彻底改变了实证研究。”
